The variable of interest then is the difference between right-handed and left-handed response times for each number. ![]() ![]() The mapping of odd and even to buttons on the left and on the right will change during the experiment, so that for each number, left and right responses are given. The most common task is a parity judgement task with horizontally separated response buttons: Participants are asked if a number is odd or even, and respond by pressing one of two buttons either on the left or on the right. The SNARC effect is found in a number of tasks (e.g., judgement of parity or magnitude, but even unrelated tasks like finger tapping have been shown to elicit SNARC-like effects). This association is thought to be automatic. This was originally put forward by Dehaene, Bossini and Giraux, who found that European participants responded quicker to relatively smaller numbers with a response button on the left than on the right, and vice-versa for relatively large numbers, despite number magnitude being irrelevant for the task. The SNARC ( Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect refers to a proposed association between numbers and space. The funders had no role in study design, data collection or analyses, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ġ.1 The SNARC effect: Description and models IKG-1247) on Cross-Modal Interaction in Natural and Artificial Cognitive Systems (CINACS – ) from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Chinese Ministry of Education. Franz and Xiaorong Gao within the International Graduate Research Training Group (No. scholarships as part of grants to Volker H. Kopiske, Christian Löwenkamp and Chaohua Wu were supported by Ph.D. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data are available via the Open Science Framework at. Received: JanuAccepted: SeptemPublished: September 29, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Kopiske et al. (2016) The SNARC Effect in Chinese Numerals: Do Visual Properties of Characters and Hand Signs Influence Number Processing? PLoS ONE 11(9):Įditor: Bert De Smedt, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BELGIUM This is particularly interesting as it persisted when participants reported using purely visual features to solve the task, thereby suggesting that numbers were processed semantically even when the task could be solved without the semantic information.Ĭitation: Kopiske KK, Löwenkamp C, Eloka O, Schiller F, Kao C-S, Wu C, et al. In addition to finding a horizontal SNARC effect, we also found a robust numerical distance effect in all notations. ![]() symbolic representation on the processing of numbers. ![]() Both Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs are represented non-symbolically for low numbers and symbolically for higher numbers, allowing us to contrast within the same notation the effects of heavily learned non-symbolic vs. The parity judgement task yielded clear, consistent SNARC effects in all notations, whereas results were more mixed in magnitude judgement. We tested for the SNARC effect in two experiments (parity judgement and magnitude judgement). This is the first time that a horizontal SNARC effect has been demonstrated in Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs. We found a horizontal SNARC effect in all notations. We tested for a horizontal SNARC effect using Arabic digits, simple-form Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs in participants from Mainland China. The SNARC effect refers to an association of numbers and spatial properties of responses that is commonly thought to be amodal and independent of stimulus notation.
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